Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ

Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ, [Raising the Soviet flag over the Reichstag, Berlin], 1945

Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ, Self Portrait, Berlin, 1945 (2007.93.32)

Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ, General view of destroyed Nuremberg, 1945 (2008.109.12)

Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ, [Victory in Bulgaria], ca. 1944 (1059.1986)

Mostly known in the Western world by his photograph of soldiers planting a flag of the U.S.S.R. on top of the Reichstag in Berlin in 1945, photographer Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ documented nearly every single day of the battle between Germany and Russia during World War II. Prior to his death in 1997, Khaldeĭ said to have 1,481 negatives covering the war, at the time all kept in his packed Moscow apartment.

Born 1917, the year of the Russian Revolution, Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ was confronted by violent ethnic disputes in his country at a young age; when he was only one year old his mother was shot during a pogrom against the Jewish population in the Ukrainian village where they lived. While she was holding her son, the bullet passed through her body and stuck in Khaldeĭ’s chest. His mother died.

Perhaps as a way to hold on to the memory of his family, the young Evgeniĭ built a camera out of his grandmother’s glasses and a cardboard box. With this he made his first photographs and started to document both the horrifying events as well as the triumphs of the wartime period: “I would have to say that many times my heart was broken. But I also witnessed greatness,” he told Michael Specter in an interview in 1995.

While working for the photo agency Tass, Khaldeĭ supposedly met Robert Capa in Berlin after the war. Capa was shocked to see the antiquated equipment his Russian colleague was using and promised to send a better camera upon his return to Paris. Capa kept his word and, according to the story, within a week Khaldeĭ received a Speed Graphic camera from France.

Although the photograph taken on top of the Reichstag is now seen as an iconic image, it cannot be considered as the documentation of a decisive historic event. Rather, it is a situation that was carefully staged by Khaldeĭ. Once the Russians had reached Berlin in the spring of 1945, the photographer rushed back to Moscow to retrieve a flag of the U.S.S.R., which he planned to raise on top of the Reichstag building in celebration of the Russian victory–similar to what photographer Joe Rosenthal had done a few months before in Iwo Jima, Japan. In the war-torn city of Moscow however, no flag could be found. As an alternative Khaldeĭ supposedly used red tablecloths from the Tass agency office and asked his uncle, a tailor, to sew a Soviet flag. Back in Berlin Khaldeĭ brought the self-made flag and two soldiers up to the top of the building and photographed the victorious scene.

Besides the creation of the photograph, the image itself was afterward heavily modified: in one photograph smoke was added and in a second version the two wristwatches of one of the soldiers were taken out. The day after Khaldeĭ photographed the Reichstag scene it was published in the Soviet newspaper Pravda.

According to Ernst Volland, one of the curators who organized the large traveling exhibition Yevgeny Khaldei–The Decisive Moment in 2008, the photographer did not seem to have any moral objections against the manipulation of the images. When he was asked about the doubtful reality of the Reichstag scene, he said: “It’s a good photo. I made it. ‘Auf wiedersehen.'”

Despite the many prizes and awards Khaldeĭ received over the years for his oeuvre, he did not make a living from his photography. Instead, he continued to print for other photographers and received only a small state-pension when he retired. Evgeniĭ Khaldeĭ was eighty when he died in Moscow.